Table 3: Comparability of Long and Mew Calls of Adult Atlantic Yellow-legged Gulls to Lesser Black-backed Gull L. f. graellsii, Herring Gull L. a. argenteus and Mediterranean Yellow-legged Gull L. michahellis
|
Area |
Long calls % like |
Mew calls % like |
|||||
|
|
graellsii |
Shrill graellsii |
Deep argenteus |
michahellis |
graellsii |
argenteus |
michahellis |
|
Arcachon |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
Santander |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
Porto/Minho |
+ |
45 |
55 |
0 |
75 |
25 |
0 |
|
Setúbal /Lisbon |
0 |
90 |
10 |
0 |
95 |
5 |
0 |
|
Faro |
20 |
70 |
10 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Cádiz |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Barbate |
50 |
37 |
5 |
8 |
93 |
7 |
0 |
|
Gibraltar/La Lines |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Estepona |
30 |
40 |
10 |
20 |
70 |
15 |
15 |
|
Tarifa |
0 |
60 |
20 |
20 |
90 |
0 |
10 |
|
Tanger |
0 |
92 |
8 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Madeira |
0 |
25 |
75 |
0 |
20 |
80 |
0 |
|
Essaouira |
0 |
95 |
5 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Agadir |
0 |
87 |
13 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Fuerteventura/ Lanzarote |
0 |
20 |
80 |
0 |
35 |
65 |
0 |
|
Gran Canaria |
0 |
20 |
80 |
0 |
45 |
55 |
0 |
|
Tenerife/ Gomera |
0 |
80 |
20 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
La Palma/ El Hierro |
14 |
67 |
14 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cantabrican |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
Iberian atlantis |
14 |
68 |
16 |
2 |
93 |
7 |
0 |
|
Southern atlantis |
2 |
56 |
41 |
0 |
71 |
29 |
0 |
|
Med./Atl. intersection |
8 |
73 |
9 |
10 |
90 |
4 |
6 |
|
All Atlantic forms |
6 |
57 |
34 |
3 |
73 |
25 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
michahellis in SW Spain, SW France |
6 |
0 |
1 |
93 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
|
argenteus in Devon |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
Figures obtained from watching calling birds. Each bird only counted once.
The ranges of the Cantabrican, Iberian, Azorean, Southern and Mediterranean/Atlantic intersection forms are given in the map.
+ -- noted but less than 3%.
Table 4: Percentage of Wingtip Patterns by Location for Adult Atlantic Yellow-legged Gulls.
|
Area |
P10 |
P9 |
P6-P10 |
P5 |
P4 |
|||||||||
|
|
S |
Tip (%) |
LM (%) |
SM (%) |
M (%) |
S |
Sol -id (%) |
SI (%) |
LI (%) |
S |
BB (%) |
TB (%) |
IM (%) |
PN (%) |
|
Arcachom |
5 |
60 |
50 |
0 |
60 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
5 |
20 |
20 |
60 |
0 |
|
San Sebastian |
6 |
83 |
17 |
0 |
83 |
7 |
0 |
29 |
71 |
6 |
17 |
33 |
50 |
17 |
|
Santander |
21 |
71 |
29 |
0 |
85 |
21 |
0 |
30 |
70 |
10 |
0 |
80 |
20 |
0 |
|
Porto/ Minho |
52 |
14 |
84 |
2 |
35 |
32 |
56 |
38 |
6 |
28 |
50 |
29 |
21 |
17 |
|
Setúbal / Lisbon |
18 |
33 |
67 |
0 |
50 |
18 |
50 |
35 |
15 |
20 |
60 |
10 |
30 |
0 |
|
Faro |
11 |
18 |
64 |
18 |
10 |
12 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
14 |
86 |
14 |
0 |
17 |
|
Cádiz |
22 |
41 |
54 |
5 |
49 |
6 |
17 |
66 |
17 |
16 |
62 |
19 |
19 |
10 |
|
Barbate |
29 |
35 |
62 |
3 |
48 |
18 |
72 |
22 |
6 |
20 |
70 |
20 |
10 |
25 |
|
Azores |
23 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nerja |
6 |
50 |
50 |
0 |
15 |
6 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
|
Estepona |
18 |
39 |
56 |
5 |
33 |
4 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
80 |
20 |
0 |
63 |
|
Tarifa |
9 |
65 |
25 |
10 |
35 |
3 |
35 |
65 |
0 |
5 |
60 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
|
Tanger |
19 |
51 |
44 |
5 |
36 |
10 |
60 |
30 |
10 |
17 |
50 |
40 |
10 |
40 |
|
Madeira |
25 |
8 |
60 |
32 |
16 |
21 |
86 |
14 |
0 |
16 |
56 |
31 |
13 |
0 |
|
Asilah |
4 |
25 |
75 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
50 |
50 |
0 |
- |
|
Essaouira |
14 |
79 |
21 |
0 |
46 |
14 |
93 |
7 |
0 |
15 |
60 |
27 |
13 |
8 |
|
Agadir |
62 |
50 |
43 |
7 |
20 |
57 |
89 |
11 |
0 |
54 |
28 |
31 |
41 |
8 |
|
Fuerte-ventura/ Lanzarote |
31 |
29 |
60 |
11 |
31 |
39 |
80 |
17 |
3 |
38 |
54 |
29 |
17 |
14 |
|
Gran Canaria |
56 |
45 |
49 |
6 |
25 |
71 |
82 |
17 |
1 |
63 |
42 |
32 |
26 |
15 |
|
Tenerife/ Gomera |
84 |
42 |
48 |
10 |
20 |
31 |
97 |
3 |
0 |
49 |
43 |
31 |
26 |
7 |
|
La Palma/ El Hierro |
39 |
42 |
34 |
24 |
17 |
27 |
92 |
4 |
4 |
35 |
54 |
26 |
20 |
22 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cantabrican |
32 |
72 |
28 |
0 |
81 |
29 |
0 |
29 |
71 |
21 |
10 |
52 |
38 |
7 |
|
Iberian atlantis |
132 |
26 |
70 |
4 |
40 |
86 |
62 |
31 |
7 |
98 |
63 |
20 |
17 |
14 |
|
Azorean atlantis |
23 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Southern atlantis |
293 |
43 |
47 |
10 |
22 |
241 |
87 |
12 |
1 |
251 |
44 |
31 |
25 |
9 |
|
Med./Atl. inter-section |
52 |
50 |
45 |
5 |
32 |
23 |
75 |
21 |
4 |
38 |
66 |
26 |
8 |
50 |
|
All Atlantic forms |
554 |
40 |
52 |
8 |
32 |
402 |
75 |
17 |
8 |
429 |
49 |
29 |
22 |
16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
michahellis in SW France |
11 |
18 |
82 |
0 |
40 |
0 |
|
|
|
4 |
75 |
25 |
0 |
100 |
|
michahellis in SW Spain |
26 |
65 |
35 |
0 |
40 |
8 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
17 |
76 |
18 |
6 |
50 |
|
All michahellis |
37 |
51 |
49 |
0 |
40 |
8 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
21 |
76 |
19 |
5 |
54 |
|
argenteus in Devon |
22 |
32 |
68 |
0 |
90 |
23 |
0 |
30 |
70 |
23 |
0 |
26 |
74 |
0 |
From an analysis of close-up photographs with material from Newell (2000) for San Sebastian and Teyssèdre (1983) for the Azores.
The ranges of the Cantabrican, Iberian, Azorean, Southern and Mediterranean/Atlantic intersection forms are given at map .
Key: S -- Sample (sample sizes are similar for P10 and P9 and for P5 and P4).
P10, P9: Tip - complete white tip; LM - Large Mirror; SM - Small Mirror; M - Mirror present.
P6-P10: Solid - square-cut triangular area of black from outer web of P6 to tip of P10 to P10 intersection with its covert; SI - Small indent into black triangle; LI - Large Indent into black triangle as in argenteus.
More details on indents -- from coverts to tip: for the solid effect, P8 is at least half black and P7 at least 1/3 black; for small indent proportions are about 2/5 and 1/4 respectively; for large indent proportions are no more than 1/4 and 1/8 respectively.
P5: BB - Broad Band as in michahellis; TB - Thin Band as in argenteus; IM - Broken band, spot or indistinct markings as in argenteus;
P4: PN -- Punctuation mark (spot or comma).
Table 5: Moult in Adult Atlantic Yellow-legged Gulls of Primaries and Head at Particular Locations
|
Location |
Dates visited |
Wing Moult as growing/missing |
Head Moult |
||
|
|
|
Maximum |
Minimum |
Most frequent |
|
|
Arcachon |
20 Aug – 26 Aug |
P6/P7 |
P5/P6 |
P6/P7; P5/P6 |
Dusky on sides, fore and nape of head |
|
Santander |
1 Aug - 9 Aug |
P5/P6 |
P3/P4 |
P4/P5 |
Sparse brown speckles on head, denser around eyes |
|
Cádiz |
5 Jun |
P2/P3 |
none |
P1/P2; none |
none |
|
13 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P5/P6 |
P6/P7 |
Light brown speckling on head |
|
|
Barbate |
2 Jun - 6 Jun |
P1/P2 |
none |
none |
none |
|
Nerja |
26 May - 31 May |
-/P1 |
none |
none |
none |
|
Estepona |
1 Jun |
P2/P3 |
none |
P1/P2 |
none |
|
17 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P6/P7 |
P7/P8 |
White with speckles around eye |
|
|
Gibraltar/La Linea |
22 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P6/P7 |
P7/P8; P6/P7 |
Some quite pale, others with speckles on front and sides of head. |
|
Tarifa |
3 Jun |
P4/P5 |
-/P1 |
-/P1 |
none |
|
11 Aug - 15 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P5/P6 |
P7/P8; P5/P6 |
Brown speckles on head particularly around eye |
|
|
Tanger |
10 Aug - 17 Aug |
P6/P7 |
P5/P6 |
P6/P7 |
White with speckles around eyes |
|
20 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P6/P7 |
P6/P7 |
||
|
27 Aug - 2 Sept |
P7/P8 |
P5/P6 |
P7/P8 |
||
|
Asilah |
20 Aug - 27 Aug |
P7/P8 |
- |
P7/P8 |
Dusky with obvious speckling around eyes, on forehead and crown |
|
Lanzarote |
13 Aug - 20 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P6/P7 |
P6/P7 |
Mostly white with speckles around eyes; some with extensive spots on head forming slight hood |
|
Fuerte-ventura |
29 Sep |
P10/- |
P9+P10/- |
P9+P10/- |
Fairly dusky, obvious dark eye spot, light streaking on front of head, forehead can be paler; many half-hooded. |
|
Gran Canaria |
14 May - 20 May |
P2/P3 |
none |
none |
none |
|
23 Sep - 30 Sep |
P10/- |
P8+P9+P10/- |
P9+P10/- |
Fairly dusky, many with prominent dark patch over eye and grey-brown wash over rest of head and upper-neck; they look paler in bright light |
|
|
Tenerife |
28 Jul - 10 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P4/P5 |
P6/P7 |
Most (72%) slight hood from extensive spots around eyes, forehead and crown; some (28%) more definite hood as heavy speckling on front, sides and top of head and brown wash on nape |
|
4 Aug - 18 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P5/P6 |
P7/P8 |
||
|
La Palma/ El Hierro |
5 Aug - 9 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P4/P5 |
P6/P7 |
Half-hooded with quite pronounced streaking on eye and front of head |
|
Madeira |
19 Sep - 22 Sep |
|
|
P9+P10/- |
Half-hooded (50%) with prominent darkish area on crown, around eye and throat; forehead, nape and neck are whiter. Remainder less marked. |
|
Azores
|
17 Aug |
|
|
P6/P7 |
Extensive heavy streaking on entire head and upper neck sometimes extending to lower neck |
|
6 Sep - 7 Sep |
|
|
P7/P8; P8/P9 |
||
|
3 Oct |
|
|
P9+P10/- |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
michahellis in SW France |
20 Aug – 26 Aug |
P8+P9/P10 |
P6/P7 |
P7/P8 |
Dusky eye and forehead in minority of birds |
|
michahellis in SW Spain |
1 Jun - 6 Jun |
P2/P3 |
none |
P1/P2 |
none |
|
12 Aug - 23 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P5/P6 |
P7/P8 |
Most (60%) with slight brown speckling over forehead and rest of head (not neck); others looked quite white |
|
|
argenteus in Devon |
20 Jul |
P4/P5 |
P1/P2 |
P3/P4 |
|
|
3 Aug - 4 Aug |
P6/P7 |
P5/P6 |
P6/P7 |
|
|
|
21 Oct - 22 Oct |
P9/P10 |
P8/P9+P10 |
P9/P10 |
|
|
From an analysis of close-up photographs and from field study by the author, except for the Azores where from Wilds & Czaplak (1994) for August and September and Bakker (2000) for October and for Madeira where from Regan & Fisher (2001).
Note that in each pairing, the first feather(s) are the ones actively growing, the last feather(s) are the ones missing.
Blue font indicates updates in June 2002 on the paper originally published on 19 October 2001; red font updates further updates to December 2004.
Copyright © Nick Rossiter 1999-2004. All rights reserved.
